why was france a threat to elizabeth in 1558

During the 1570s, England was starting to have ambitions of establishing an empire of its own and had hoped to become an imperial power that could rival Spain. There were fewer naval ships anchored there and the port was the centre for a large number of naval supplies which Drake intended to either seize or destroy. There was broad support for the new Settlement and very few refused to take the oath of loyalty to the queen. Who we are Changelog Terms of Service Privacy Policy FAQ Sitemap, Psychology History Sociology Business Studies, Psychology Sociology Business Studies Mathematics, Latest Posts Resources Workbooks Past Papers. Elizabeth had taken the decision to arrest any Catholic bishops that did not accept her authority as sovereign over them. Describe two features of Mary Queen of Scots' threat to Elizabeth I. This meant that England had suffered economically as they were not generating any income from Calais. John White (another leading colonist) sailed back to England to report on the problems being experienced. By 1568 most people had accepted. The Spanish invasion didnt go according to plan when the Spanish Armada was launched in 1588. Another problem Elizabeth I had when she ascended to the throne in 1558 was the problems she had with illegitimacy. The evidence was enough to persuade Elizabeth to put Mary on trial and eventually execute her for treason. The Ridolfi plot failed mostly due to Elizabeths allies passing the names of the main conspirators involved to her. From 1574, with the help of the Pope, Catholic priests were also being smuggled into England to continue the spread of the Catholic faith. The conspirators including Babington were all. Upon his arrival, he accepted the position of Governor-General which proved to be a big mistake as it suggested that Elizabeth had taken control of the Netherlands. Although her small kingdom was threatened by grave internal divisions, Elizabeth's blend of shrewdness, courage, and majestic self-display inspired ardent expressions of loyalty and helped unify the nation against foreign enemies. The war against France ended in 1559, and following Elizabeths accession, they tried to maintain good relations between the two countries. Many people did not want a foreigner influencing England policy. However, the Act also established a national poor rate, made JPs (Justices of the Peace) keep registers of the poor and gave towns and cities the responsibility to find work for the able-bodied poor. To know the dates for your GCSE exams for 2020, you firstly need to identify which exam board you are studying for your subject. The failure of the colonisation was due to: the resistance of the Native Americans; conflict amongst the English settlers (who collectively had the wrong mix of skills to make the settlement a real success); the loss of supplies via the damage incurred on The Tiger and the fact that the voyage set off too late for crops to be planted (causing dependence on the rightfully suspicious Native Americans). Seeing Spain as a threat, Elizabeth tried to form an alliance with France. Edward was born on 12 October 1537 in his mother's room inside Hampton Court Palace, in Middlesex. This interference greatly angered the Spanish and provoked the ire of many Catholics, who now no longer saw Elizabeth as a mediator of the status quo, but as an interfering, troublesome monarch. Insolvency therefore limited the choices of the new Queen and instantly undermined her power. Tel: +44 0844 800 0085. Instead, her goal was to ensure freedom of worship for Dutch Protestants and protect Englands Military, commercial and strategic interests listed above. This attack proved to be a major setback for Spanish preparation for the Armada. Elizabeth had also reduced the power of the northern nobles and increased her own control over the north through the Council of the North, which helped govern the area. 30 ships were destroyed, as well as lots of supplies. As Catholics do not believe in divorce it means that the marriage between Henry and Catherine was never dissolved, and therefore, the marriage with Anne never happened, and as a result of this Elizabeth was an illegitimate child and had no right to the throne of England. This forced the Spanish fleet to travel into the dangerous waters off the Scottish and Irish coasts. Why was the threat of invasion Elizabeth's biggest problem in 1558? Although he promised to help the conspirators, he rarely followed through on these promises. At the start of her reign in 1558, Elizabeth faced many problems it was a very tumultuous time for her. France was at war with England and Spain. He chose to sail around Scotland and Ireland which presented a dangerous route which the Spanish sailors were unfamiliar with. You may use the following in your answer: Mary, Queen of Scots and foreign threat (12 marks) . Most of the new ships were being built in the deepwater port Portuguese port of Lisbon which was protected by strong fortifications. Approximately 30 ships were destroyed and tonnes of supplies were also seized including food and weapons. Catholic priests were ordered to leave so as not to influence the English Catholics with divided loyalties. Elizabeth I - reigned from 1558-1603 Elizabeth I's first rebellion to deal with was the Shane O'Neill Rebellion, which occurred in Ireland and lasted from 1558-1567. Spanish invasion plans. Another suitor for Elizabeth was Prince Eric of Sweden, later King Eric of Sweden. They Schools can qualify for all our resources for free. He saw Drake as a pirate and therefore deemed Elizabeths act as deliberately provocative. 1. As these privateers were supposedly independent, Elizabeth could deny any responsibility for the activities and this helped to prevent open conflict with King Phillip and Spain directly. -In 1558, Elizabeth the first became queen. Write a paragraph or two. The invasion failed, however. Northern Rebellion led by Earl of Westmorland. However this union was appalling because he was Catholic was married to the previous queen, and a foreigner. Cleopatra, Queen Victoria and many more. 2002-2023 Tutor2u Limited. to answer the Section Focus Question: Italian bankers from Genoa had lent Philip II money to fund his campaign in the Netherlands (which was trying to put down the Dutch Revolt). English Catholic Francis Throckmorton was the link of communication within this plan. The English ships moved in for the attack and the following battle lasted several hours with 5 Spanish ships having been sunk. Design engineering imperial 2023 applicants, Border Force Officer - Core and Mobile teams recruitment campaign September 2022. As King Phillip II ruled the Netherlands, he had control over the access to these vital Dutch ports and he could, therefore, limit English access. Ironically the simple accession of Elizabeth in 1558 made any desire for a settlement so much more difficult. Throckmorton was tortured and although he confessed, was then killed. She's regarded as one of the greatest monarchs of England. Describe two features of the Rebellion of the Norther earls 1559 7. Here is a summary timeline of key events for students taking Early Elizabethan England (1558-88). King Phillip II had been married to Queen Mary I of England and the two had been allies in a war against France in the 1550s. As such, the Catholic community cited both religious and legal reasons why Elizabeth had no right to be Queen, which made her accession extremely problematic. We and our partners use data for Personalised ads and content, ad and content measurement, audience insights and product development. Importantly too, at different points these plots were orchestrated or sponsored by the Pope and Spain and were dependent on the support of English Catholics to work, demonstrating the increasing Catholic threat to Elizabeth, internationally and domestically. The aim was to rid France of heresy (Protestantism). Marriage to a foreign prince would ensure a foreign alliance and would have strengthened England against threats from abroad. The treaty also stated that Mary would give up her claim to the English throne, although this was not formally agreed by Mary. How much is the average salary for an overseas dentist? Protestants (notably John Knox) initially claimed female rule was unnatural or monstrous, while Roman Catholics judged . In response to the Throckmorton Plot, Elizabeths advisors drafted the Bond of Association, which was aimed at deterring any further plots. The Spanish responded by doing the same to the English. Explain why Elizabeth faced many problems upon ascending to the throne in 1558 . There are 4 main exam boards used in the UK. In 1560, Scotland was ruled by Elizabeth's cousin called Mary Queen of Scots (MQS). Phillip was warned against this mission but believed he was on a mission from God. However, the Privy Council had put huge pressure on Elizabeth to marry and urged her to take a husband in late 1559, which suggests that the Privy Council would have agreed on a suitor had there been someone suitable as they realised the importance of securing a Protestant English throne and the Tudor dynasty, and perhaps it was this lack of a suitable suitor that caused Elizabeth to remain . Essentially, this meant England and Spain were now at war. The Council was controlled by southern Protestants and this caused resentment by the northern nobles. 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Therefore, Elizabeths legitimacy was questioned because of the marriage between Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn. By studying this week, students should have an understanding of: . This was important because it demonstrated the strength of Catholic feeling within England and highlighted how Elizabeth, after 11 years, was still vulnerable to English Catholics. Letters sent to Mary were also intercepted which implicated her and the Duke of Norfolk in the plot. This led to a rampage of Spanish soldiers and the sacking of Antwerp. The leading figure involved in the plot was Francis Throckmorton, a young Catholic man who carried messages between Mary and Catholic conspirators abroad. August 8th: Battle of Gravelines fireships caused the Spanish fleet to scatter. The relative strength of France and weakness of England was further compounded by the fact that Elizabeth had to recognize the loss of Calais to France under the Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis in 1559, following a disastrous English military campaign under the reign of Elizabeth's predecessor, Mary I. Calais had been in English hands since 1347. Spain and France were the major European powers. The Throckmorton plot was a conspiracy to assassinate Queen Elizabeth and replace her with Mary, Queen of Scots in 1583. This was seen as a huge blow for English pride as England had territory in France for hundreds of years. In 1565 the Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire proposed that Elizabeth marry Archduke Charles of Austria. Spains naval and military strength was much greater than Englands at the time, so Elizabeth was reluctant to do anything that could damage their already fragile relationship and lead to open war with Spain.. It was the only major threat to Henry's security as monarch. The Student Room and The Uni Guide are both part of The Student Room Group. When Mary, Queen of Scots arrived in England in 1568, replacing Elizabeth with Mary became a realistic possibility. . 1558 -french threat. Sue Gray quits the civil service to become Starmer's aide: is it a big deal? - send 2000 to rebels. Podcast: The Life and Significance of Alan Turing, Copyright The Historical Association 2023. Throughout her reign, Elizabeth was engaged in expensive financial issues, especially foreign policy. After Anne Boleyn was executed, Henry had the marriage annulled, effectively meaning that it never happened. 1560 - death of francis II, Mary returns to scotland as queen. He even came to England to meet Elizabeth and she even announced before some of her courtiers that she would marry him. If you would like to change your settings or withdraw consent at any time, the link to do so is in our privacy policy accessible from our home page.. "The Scarlet Ibis" would be a different story if it were told from Doodle's point of view. One fact that should not be ignored from 1566 was the increasing role of the Pope and his determination to undermine Elizabeth. Boston House, Therefore, Henry created the Church of England, a protestant church, which allowed for divorce. Many colonists this time were poverty-stricken Londoners (it was felt they would be used to hard work and would therefore be happy to work for a new life in the New World). Over 100,000 of this was owed to the Antwerp Exchange who charged an interest rate of 14%. England had lost the last of her territories in France during the reign of Mary, when Calais was lost. Tensions in the Netherlands increased greatly between 1576 and 1584. Elizabeth offered support to the Protestant Henry IV of France but found him an difficult ally to get on with. This meant two of the most powerful European nations were now united against Protestantism, placing Elizabeth in a precarious position. No Payment details required and completelyRisk Free. Mary was spared. Coronation: 15 January 1559, Westminster Abbey. The English were worried about the threat of invasion and they attacked the Spanish ships as they sailed along the Channel, but the Armada was so strong that most of the ships reached Calais safely. The imprisonment owed to her likely involvement in the murder of her second husband, Lord Darnley. When are the GCSE exams for 2020?Which exam board are you studying? Many of the rebel troops deserted while the two Earls fled to Scotland. Medina Sidonia decided to retreat back to Spain and call off the attack on England. She was the last monarch of the Tudor period. A great threat was presented by Catholic opposition to Elizabeth's rule, but Mary's influence over this, and therefore the threat that she posed as an individual, may be called into question. 806 8067 22 Registered Office: Imperial House, 2nd Floor, 40-42 Queens Road, Brighton, East Sussex, BN1 3XB, Taking a break or withdrawing from your course. A war would have to involve invasion because after 1558 England had no possessions in mainland Europe (Calais had been lost in 1558). Company Reg no: 04489574. Their complete failure effectively ended any threat Spain posed to the English. The Armada set sail in May 1588, but due to bad weather and attempts by an English fleet to intercept it, was delayed for several weeks in the Bay of Biscay. They were also fearful that France would rekindle their loyalty to Scotland and threaten England from the north and south together. Marys presence in England posed an on-going threat as she had a strong claim to the throne herself. 214 High Street, Elizabeth was inheriting a terrible situation, which she had to sort out. The consent submitted will only be used for data processing originating from this website. The most important reason however was a combination of Marys arrival and the Popes interference. This was an important symbolic gesture, which angered Philip II. Cecil was a master of Renaissance statecraft, whose talents as a diplomat, politician, and administrator won him high office and . James also pledged to help Elizabeth if invaded. From 1566 the Pope had instructed English Catholics to take part in recusancy, and by 1570 a Papal Bull had been issued excommunicating Elizabeth and stating that English Catholics had no need to have loyalty towards their Queen and instead should help overthrow her. In 1568 Elizabeth also controversially stole gold from Spanish ships (which was loaned from Genoese banks to fund the Spanish army, against the Dutch rebels) that were staying at English ports. - Threats of invasion or Elizabeth's authority were made worse by her financial situation. The English sent 8 fireships loaded with flammable materials in the middle of the night towards the anchored Spanish ships. - Financial issues may have led to her loosing powerful allies as she could not give important people grant patronages. Both could be serious threats to Elizabeths England. While a baby is born at various points throughout the show, Francis is not its father. At the beginning of her reign, an obvious candidate for Elizabeth to marry was her half sister's widow, Phillip of Spain. 214 High Street, In Europe, the 1570s saw some of the worst atrocities of the protracted fall-out of the Reformation. He would often return with huge amounts of treasure for Queen Elizabeth. Following Marys death, there were no more major Catholic plots during Elizabeths reign. Spymaster and Secretary of State from 1573 Francis Walsingham uncovered the plot. - Invasion was a major threat because of the power of the countries France and Spain. France, Spain and Scotland were all Catholic countries in 1558. The fear of a Catholic uprising and a plot against Elizabeth was a constant threat to her. He plotted a Spanish invasion of England, which would involve the killing of Elizabeth and the placing of Mary, Queen of Scots on the throne. Elizabeth therefore committed actions that helped undermine the Spanish whilst ensuring England did not become fully embroiled in the conflict. Financial Weakness She was 300,000 in debt. Elizabeth hesitated for several months, however, eventually signed Marys death warrant. Boston House, Spouse: None. Mary was forced to flee following her unsuccessful attempt to win back her Scottish throne. In 1569, one of the wealthiest landowners in England, the Duke of Norfolk concocted a plan to marry Mary, Queen of Scots and have her recognised as Elizabeths heir. This delayed the Spanish attack and gave the English more time to prepare (hence the attempted invasion of the Armada one year later in 1588). King Phillip had been preparing for an attack on England since 1585 and Marys execution made the situation worse with him even more determined to invade England. W ith the first female vice president taking office in the US, and female leaders around the world excelling despite a global crisis, it's hard to imagine why women have been wildly underrepresented in leadership for so long. The features and significance of the Ridolfi, Throckmorton and Babington plots. West Yorkshire, The plots to overthrow Elizabeth failed for a number of reasons such as: In 1568, the Queens Spymaster, Francis Walsingham used his spy network to prove that Mary had supported the Babington Plot. Nevertheless, the answer has sustained conceptual focus and is wide-ranging in its analysis. It was estimated that Drake returned with approximately 400,000 of Spanish treasure from regular raids of Spanish ports in South America. Elizabeth, however, did not sign the death warrant until February 1587. Also, the activities of English pirates', who looted Spanish ships, caused problems between Spain and England. These problems all led to supply issues for the Spanish Armada and had a major impact on the morale of the Spanish troops. Sir Francis Drake and the raid on Cadiz: `Singeing the King of Spains beard. Boston Spa, When Elizabeth I came to the throne in 1558, she inherited a difficult financial situation and a debt of 227,000. VAT reg no 816865400. They had enjoyed religious freedom under Queen Mary, Elizabeth's sister, and they were now being. What he meant by this was he had inflicted significant temporary damage on the Spanish Armada and it would regrow in time. JPs provided the able-bodied with raw materials (like wool) to make items to sell. "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - 1st explanation. Official Thread: (Undergraduate) Medicine 2023 Entry, St George's University of London (SGUL) A101 2023 Entry. Elizabeth sent an army of 14,000 men to crush the revolt, which lasted around a month (November to December). . If this union between Scotland and France became something, Spain could help England by attacking France from below. However, it should be noted that one reason for the eventual crushing of the revolt is because the vast majority of Catholics in the north stayed loyal to Elizabeth and did not revolt, suggesting that Elizabeth did not face a threat from all Catholics within England, but enough of a threat to be permanently suspicious. She was reluctant to execute Mary as she was Queen of Scotland and she believed in Divine Right that rulers were sent by God to govern their country. Elizabeth I faced more difficulties as a monarch than any other Tudor. When Elizabeth's reign began in 1558 England was in the middle of a 'mid-Tudor crisis'. [Blog], Medicine Community Feedback and Suggestions, 2023 entry A100 / A101 Medicine fastest and slowest offer senders, Borders & Enforcement, Immigration Enforcement - Immigration Officer June 22, Official University of the Arts London 2023 Applicants Thread. Many reasons led to discontent between Spain and England. Elizabeth wasnt able to publically acknowledge his achievements and when the Spanish Armada attempted to invade England in 1588, he was the vice-admiral in command of the English fleet that helped successfully defend the attack. This was signed by the English nobility and gentry and required the signatories to execute anyone who attempted to overthrow the Queen. However, Elizabeth was fearful that a foreign husband would have not put the needs of England first. Dedicated to. Here is an example answer to the following 16-mark question on the reasons for the increased Catholic threat to Elizabeth I after 1566. [A clear summary of the arguments, once more making the link between Mary, the Pope and Catholic interference.]. Describe two features of the Puritan challenge 6. Mary was married to Philip II of Spain. The harsh weather conditions made it impossible for the Spanish fleet to return to the Channel after the battle of Gravelines. Her sister, Mary, had made Roman Catholicism the official religion of the country, but many of the people were. If those Catholics decided to rebel against . Elizabeth made England protestant, which caused tension with the rest of Europe as they were heavily catholic (such as Spain and France). By the end of Elizabeths reign, the navy was also playing an important role in settling up an English colony in North America. The core of her legitimacy problem centred around the circumstances of her birth by Anne Boleyn. [This is a confident answer because it selects two reasons and links them together, showing a clear conceptual focus as well as wide-ranging knowledge]. In 1554 Mary had Elizabeth imprisoned in the Tower of London, briefly threatened her with execution, and then placed her under house arrest. The Spanish Armada sailed in 1588 and was completely defeated by the English. Oct 12, 2019 83 Dislike Podpast 106 subscribers Recap and review of the problems Elizabeth faced when she became Queen in 1558. . He then banned English trade with the Netherlands for a period of time which damaged Englands economy and caused much hardship for the English people. The Spanish Fury united both the Dutch Catholics and Protestants, who demanded in response to the violence: 1) the expulsion of all Spanish troops from the Netherlands 2) political freedom and 3) an end to religious hostility via the Spanish Inquisition. Tel: +44 0844 800 0085. Anne Boleyn (L), Henry VIII (C) and Elizabeth I (R) Elizabeth was born on 7th September 1533 to Anne Boleyn and Henry VIII. The news of the rebellion caused widespread. Seeing Spain as a threat, Elizabeth tried to form an alliance with France. - The threat increased by the fact that Spain and France were catholic, but Elizabeth had chosen to move her country towards Protestantism.

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